Hybrid cars, eco-friendly automotive breakthrough

Hybrid car, is the latest technology with the latter discussed in the crowded automotive world. Called hybrids, because the car uses two types of energy sources, namely gasoline and electricity. To be used, a car must meet certain requirements. First, it should be through a distance of at least 300 miles, or 482 km before the energy filled again, so not making drivers. Second, the fuel must be done quickly and easily. Third, it must be just as quick with another vehicle on the road so it does not obstruct traffic.

Cars of fuel gas that we use can now meet all the requirements, but generate excessive pollution. Meanwhile, a car equipped with electricity, causing almost no pollution at all, but can only travel a maximum distance of 50 km each time you refill. In addition, the contents charging is very slow and not easy. Hybrid car combines the benefits of both.

The world has long dream of environmentally friendly cars. Namely, that the car free of carbon emissions so that does not aggravate global warming. This dream changed to a later urgent need because the price of fuel meroket. During the emission of carbon-free technologies, such as car fuel of hydrogen, alcohol, or still need time to develop, this is the hybrid car may be the most widely marketed because it does not require new infrastructure.

With hybrid technology, a car engine works with gasoline diperkecil because he can not work alone. Energy needed to run the car can also be obtained from the electric motor that is in it. Hybrid cars are also designed in such a way so that it can work with minimal energy as possible. Car engine that automatically make more small cars overall weight also become more lightweight. This makes the car requires less energy when climbing climb. Car body model is also designed with the aerodynamics so that friction with the air can be reduced. Thus, the use of fuel can also be diminished.

With so many sophisticated technologies, does not wonder if the price is quite expensive hybrid cars. If it be thought strange-thinking as well, to save fuel costs, we even have to pay more to buy a hybrid car. To that must also have capital!

Pocket while we have not been able to purchase this modern technology, there are ways of driving to save fuel, even with a normal car once was. For example, with a slower race. Friction car with air increased sharply as we accelerate the pace car. This makes the car so wasteful of gas.

Go with a fixed speed are also more fuel sparingly. Why? Because every time we accelerate the pace car, we use energy, and when we memperlambatnya again, we use more energy. By repeatedly accelerate and slow the car, we use twice the energy than if we go with a fixed speed.

One more important is, do not stop suddenly. When we suddenly stop, brake hard work to absorb the instantaneous speed of the car and change it into heat which is then removed. Futile neglect of energy that is not necessary.

Hybrid or not, to reduce air pollution and save energy can we do now. Everything depends on our willingness and attitudes daily.

New Anti Scratch Layer Technologies

A futuristic new materials that use sunlight to repair scratches on the surface has been developed by researchers in the United States. This material has the potential to create layers that automatically repair to the car or electronic device - so that the goods is still visible like a new, even though long-used.

Boswajit Ghosh and Urban brand of the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg modify polyurethane, a polymer hard and durable that commonly used to make Protective layers, by adding a compound called chitosan who substitute-oxytone. This compound is derived from chitin, a natural polymer found in the general nature as a component of preparing the body shell structure crustacea such as crabs.

This approach works because each polymer on the physical damage, such as deep scratches, the damage to the molecular level - with a ring oxytone polymer. If included in the kind of polyurethane, chitosan chains split into two part reactive free radicals under UV rays - the chains can react with the ring oxytone open, form a polymer bonds rift between new and effectively "filled" (sew) the scratches occurred. This team shows that the scratches sheet of hair size - about 10 micrometer thicks - can be "sewed" perfect under UV light rays in about 30 minutes. However, they do not investigate a more complex damage or scratches more depth.

* scratches strand of hair size, repaired in 30 minutes*

"This is the first time we see a layer polyurethane the own repairing - which it certainly has a lot of commercial benefits," said Nancy Sottos at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, is working to develop systems that own repairing.

The potential application of this new technology is in the automotive industry, which often paint a car is designed with a high scratch resistance to prevent damage from small objects such as stones. Because this new material using the reaction cross-fastening polymer that is not affected by humidity, have the potential to make a "clean sheet" Protective, Sottos said, but still needed time before this can be achieved.

"Like all other new technology, this material must undergo rigorous testing to show that the material is resistant to a similar environment where the standards of automotive paint to use," said Sottos. 'For example, one problem is how well this material to function on the hot weather in Arizona or Australia, where the effect fastening cross akan permanently activated by the high level UV. Other industries may also be interested in this technology, further development and we submit to the designer who berkompeten, Sottos said. One of the potential market for this technology is the electronic industry, such as tools, tools mobile phone and music player is prone to scratches.

Free Pollution Car

The car without the pollution is not only cars that are in a stage of research or testing, but soon will be sold in bulk. And, temporarily, the use of fuel cell car that is devoted to the Mercedes Benz A-Class, which will be named F-Cell. And, the fuel used is hydrogen.

DaimlerChrysler decision is seen as one step to the future, considering the F-Cell is a truly pollution-free cars. In addition to the car-free waste gas (emissions), in a running car is not even remove the voice (noisy).

Can simply say, Mercedes Benz A-Class F-Cell hydrogen combine that brought in the fuel tank with oxygen from the air in the fuel cell to generate electricity. And, the electricity generated is used to drive electric motor. Mercedes Benz A-Class F-Cell have a cruising range of 145 kilometers in the hydrogen charging time. Electrical motor (capacity) 87 PK (paardekracht, horse power), and the maximum speed that can dicapainya 140 kilometers per hour. Acceleration from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour achieved in 16 seconds.

Some other fuel cell cars, which is still in the testing phase, the complete car with a working dynamo ampere battery or battery while the car is driven by electricity derived from hydrogen. When hydrogen supply runs out, power in the battery or the battery will power the engine. Thus, the cruising range cars can reach more than 300 kilometers. More or less equivalent to the cars that use fuel or diesel fuel. FUEL cell consists of two electrode plates that clamp electrolyte. Skipping oxygen electrode on the one hand, while the hydrogen be passing on the other electrode so that it produces electricity, water, and heat.

The method, channeled the hydrogen spilled through catalyst anoda. Oxygen (which is obtained from the air) enters the cathode catalyst. Encouraged by a catalyst, hydrogen atoms split into a proton and electron take separate paths in the cathode. Proton pass through the electrolyte. The electrons creates a separate stream, which can be used before the electrons return back to the cathode to join with the hydrogen and oxygen, and form water molecules. Fuel cell system includes a fuel reformer can utilize all types of hydrogen from hydrocarbons such as natural gas, Methanol, or even a gas / petrol. Given the fuel cell work in chemistry and not combustion engine as the conventional, the emission was very low when compared with the conventional engine clean even the most.

The use of fuel cell as power supply has been developed since long time. Currently more than 200 fuel cell system installed in various parts of the world, including in hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, offices, schools, airports, and the provider of electricity. However, the use of a car that is still the case that something new. To hydrogen for use in the car is not easy. Currently, hydrogen carried in the high pressure tube, that is able to withstand pressures up to 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) or 700 atmosphere. Involve tube with the pressure of that, the same as bringing a carry-bomb, of course necessary that special protection. If the tube is to explode, could be imagine what happens.

DaimlerChrysler seems to successfully overcome the problems brought by the hydrogen storage tube. If not, does not necessarily DaimlerChrysler will not proceed mass production.

Audi TT Coupe 1.8 Turbo Tiptronic

A. SPECIFICATION

A.1 General

• Type of vehicle : Sedan
• Type of fuel gas : Gasoline
• Number of seats : 2
• Type of production : CBU

A.2 Dimension

• Length (mm) : 4041
• Width (mm) : 1764
• High (mm) : 1346
• Distance wheel base (mm) : 2422
• Distance front tread : 1528
• Distance rear tread : 1513
• Lowest ground clearance (mm) : 280
• Min of turning radius : 10.6
• Curb weight (kg) : 1280
• Gross vehicle weight (kg) : 1665

A.3 Engine

• Engine type : DOHC
• Cylinder/displacement (cc) : 1781
• Valves : 20
• Bore x stroke : 81.0 x 86.4
• Compression ratio : 9.5
• Engine max output (PS/rpm) : 132/5500
• Engine max torque : 235/1950-5000
• Max speed (km) : 228
• Fuel system : Injection
• Tank capacity (liter) : 55
• Fuel consumption : 6.3

A.4 Chassis

• Steering : Power-assisted, Rack and Pinion
• Front brakes : Ventilated discs
• Rear brakes : Discs
• Front suspension : McPherson Strut
• Rear suspension : Torsion crack
• Tyre size : 205/55 R 16 W

A.5 Transmission

• Transmission : manual
• 1st gear transmission ratio : 3.300
• 2Nd gear transmission ratio : 1.944
• 3rd gear transmission ratio : 1.308
• 4Th gear transmission ratio : 1.034
• 5Th gear transmission ratio : 0.838
• 6Th gear transmission ratio : --
• Reverse transmission ratio : 3.060
• Final gear transmission ratio : 3.938

B. EXTERIOR

B.1 Accessories

• Electric mirror : yes
• Fog lamps : yes
• Side protection moulding : no
• Wind shield moulding : yes
• Door belt moulding : no
• Alloy wheel : yes
• Sun roof : no
• Bumpers : yes
• Others : Headlight cleaning system, Xenon Headlight

C. INTERIOR

C.1 Accessories

• Leather seats : yes
• Air conditioner : yes
• Climate control : yes
• Defogger : yes
• Power steering : yes
• Tilt steering : yes
• Cruise control : no
• Power windows : yes
• Power door lock : yes
• Tacho meters : yes

• Digital clock : yes
• Coin holders : yes
• Cup holders : yes
• Foot rest : yes
• AM / FM radio : yes
• Cassette player : yes
• CD player : yes
• Electric antenna : yes

D.SAFETY

D.1 Accessories

• ABS : yes
• Immobiliser : yes
• Alarm : yes
• Central lock : yes
• Front seat belt : yes
• Rear seat belt : yes
• Driver air bag : yes
• Front passenger air bag : yes
• Side air bag : no
• Accessories / Optional : Pressure Electronic Braking Distribution (EBD)

There are only some minor lack, for example, steer is too lightly, original color available only for denim and silver. Overall this is a amazing car from Audi.

Buy a used car tips

Buy a new car is every man's dream. The problem is not all of us with a variety of reasons to be able to buy it, so the option is to buy Used Cars. Two main things have to be considered if we want to buy a used car include:
1. Vihicles document
2. and Vehicle it's self

About vihicle document, must be considered and reviewed all that is genuine and legitimate (Police vehicle registration, invoices and other documents). Of course you must choose a trusted dealer, which can guarantee the validity these letters.

And car it's self, there are a few tips to check are:

1. Engine: Open bonnet and check all parts thoroughly. Turn on the machine, if the engine is good, oil pressure indicator light will soon be turn off and engine sound is smooth. Note also muffler smoke, when smoke muffler is blue or black does mean something wrong.

2. Body / Chasis: Raise one wheel to a higher, such as a curb. Open and close all doors. When you can not close completely once the most likely impact / collision.

3.Damage and Rust: Check the surface of the car is not flat. Hard collision can leave the former appearance as possible. Check also that the rust-prone: roof, window and door-window, above the rearview mirror and the radio antenna, behind the frame, around lights (Front and Back) side body, bottom and rear exhaust, under the boot carpet.

Please also note:
-Base and ball foot pedal.
-Tiller: see if there is a sound that is not normal.
-Seat cover.
-Knoking body by part part.
-Check Engine vault: see if there is oil leakage.
-Spare tire conditions.
-Open footwear (floor mat) and check the condition inside

4. Suspension: Press each side the car turn in down. That the increase should be higher than the original position and came down again to the position at press time.

5. Tires: Check attrition of tires. The tires surface that does not even show irregularity, both the wheel and the mechanism Suspensi.

• hopefully helpful

Gottlieb Daimler

Gottlieb Daimler was born in Schorndorf / Württemberg on 17 March 1834. His name became associated with the invention of the motor. He studied in the construction of machines Stuttgart Polytechnic 1857-59 and during the time that has been introduced to the highly developed level of construction machinery in the United Kingdom. Daimler in 1885, along with Maybach started working on the machine that is designed specifically for use in motor vehicles. They have abandoned the conventional open, horizontal design of the external driving force, and the machine is set up with the inside of the flywheel, and the merger was dead on oil and dust. Engine output is 0.37KW (0.5bhp) has an engine capacity of 164cc, weighing 60 kg and 700 revolutions per minute. After that, Daimler and Maybach switch to liquid fuel problem. Finally, they are easy to find the best combination of air is 91% and 9% with the density of gas 0.68 g / cubic cm. This machine is equipped with a carburetor and constructed a wooden frame. Daimler engine that translates into a higher, up to 0.76KW (1bhp) and coach built body. She made her first trip around Bad Cannstatt in this vehicle in September 1886. Later, this engine is very good for the engine. During the year 1887, Daimler purchased a small factory that can produce and sell the car. This two-cylinder V-engine is the output 1.5kW (2HP) Gottlieb Daimler died March 6 1900.
Fredrick Simms an Englishman born in Hamburg, to search for using the resources in the 'Aerial city' (overhead railway) and Daimler friendship, which at the time was using the new engine of the car. Simms has seen the commercial potential of this machine in the United Kingdom. Has the patent rights and a company formed in 1893 called 'The Daimler Motor Syndicate Ltd.

Oldest car

A car with a steam engine of the oldest in the world, and still running. Designed year 1884 in France, a year before Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz created the car with petrol engine, this car is called De Dion Bouton. Henry Ford is the person that developed the automobile, 12 years after De Dion Bouton was created.

This four-wheeler with a full name De Dion Bouton et Trepardoux, has a call name of "La Marquise" was originally built for the French Count De Dion, one of the founders of the company.

In 1887 this car demonstrated and travel 19 miles distance, with the speed of 36 mph, and the following year win the race of the first race car in the world, beating of the three-wheeler steam engine car. Fueled with coal, wood and paper, the car should be heated about 30 minutes to get enough steam the car runs on thin tires of solid rubber wrapped around metal wheel. A curator of transportation for the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village in Michigan Dearbon, agreed that the De Dion Bouton very probably the oldest running car. However, old car is already not currently in existence. It was phased out in 2004 and the last of its car is named old car Alero. It is also a good point to note that Henry Ford and his company is not the first car maker to mass produce cars. The oldest manufacturer to mass produce cars is definitely the Oldsmobile group. During the time it's still active, it has produced 35.2 million cars! Its name last for 107 years in the car making history of the United States and of the whole world. Car brands like Daimler and Peugeot are the oldest car brands but did not mass produced cars before Oldsmobile did.

Photovoltaic Efficiency

Technical share info

Photovoltaic is a semiconductor material that functions to generate electricity, so photopoltaic on this, the semiconductor material is processed in such a way when exposed to sunlight or the light will produce direct current electric voltage (dc). Photovoltaic is also a kind of structured dioda on PN Junction.

Symbols such as its figure-1 below:

figure-1

Current versus voltage characteristics for the radiation that is different for the photovoltaic can be seen in the figure-2,

figure-2

the image-2 can be seen that the open circuit voltage that occurred (Voc) is approximately constant, but the flow will change in accordance with the amount of radiation the mengenainya. With advances in technology that has been achieved in making the photovoltaic current, effisiensinya was only able to achieve about 10% ~ 20%. So, for example, power (P) radiation from the sun is 1000 watt/m2, the power generated by photovoltaic is 100 ~ 200 watt/m2. Photovoltaic efficiency is also dependent on its temperature cells. Efficiency will be reduced at higher temperatures. Temperature measurement in the standard of efficiency is 25 degrees Celsius. Graphic efficiency for a solar cell can be seen in the figure-3.

Figure-3

To get maximum power from a photovoltaic, then the burden should be located at the point called a Maximum Power Point (MPP), which at this point is knowledgeable = V x I = maximum power (see figure-4).

figure-4

To load a constant, the point MPP can not be achieved by all the radiation. This requires a series regulator that is capable of carrying the burden to point to its MPP. This series is known as the series of the MPP (MPP regualtor circuit). But when the photovoltaic is used to charge the battery, then almost all point to the MPP approach, is to design a photovoltaic that approximately the same as the voltage is the battery voltage.

Generally, one unit solar cell able to produce only a small power. Power generated can be enlarged with the connective-connect several solar cell in series and parallel. The module is the order of several solar cell, while some of the modules will produce an array. For example in the figure-5 series parallel relationships depicted in the photovoltaic.

Figure-5

For example there are N photovoltaic units connected in parallel to M series units are linked. Consider each module has its Iout = Io and Vo = Vout for maximum radiation. So it can be said that the module or array has peak power (watts peak) of M x N x Vo x Io watt. With the output voltage of M x Vo volt current and a maximum of N x Io ampere.

Solar Cell: The Energy of the future environment-friendly

Technical share info (translated & edited from Chem-Is-Try.org)

Energy is one of the words that have a very wide meaning, as there is no activity on the natural highway of this move without energy and that is why one of his professors said in Japan that almost all disputes in the world, have a seizure on the energy source.

In general, energy sources are categorized into two parts, namely non-Renewable Energy and Renewable Energy. Energy sources including fossil groups is that It is the first major event in the world using this convention energy.

Around eight years old when dozens of experts in India to offer an alternative source of energy that is used in many developed countries, namely nuclear, much debate and dis-agreement occurred a long counter work plan so that the use of energy sources that are considered very dangerous. Among the proposals that many mare proposed that is why we do not using solar energy source. Indeed, there is no doubt that the solar cell is a source of energy environment-friendly and very promising in the future, as there is no pollution produced during the process of energy conversion, and many more sources of energy available in nature, the sun, especially in tropical countries such as Indonesia, which receives the sun throughout the year.

Fundamental problems in solar cell technology is a very low efficiency in the solar energy into electrical energy, which so far the highest efficiency can be achieved no more than 20%, and that in laboratory scale. Therefore, it is in developed countries, research on the solar cell is the attention which is very large, especially with the issues of clean environment ranted.

From light into electricity

A simple solar cell consists of a continuation of semi conductor which type p and n (PN Junction Semi conductor), which struck down if the sun will occur electron flow, electron flow nah this is referred to as a flow of electric current. While the structure of the solar cell is as shown in image 1.

Figure 1. Lamella structure of the solar cells in general

The main conversion sun's energy into electricity is the absorber, however, each layer is also very influential on the efficiency of solar cell. The sun consists of various types of waves electromagnetic that the spectrum can be seen on the image 2. Therefore, the absorber is expected here as much as you can absorb solar radiation derived from sunlight.

Figure 2. Radiation spectrum sun

More detail can be explained again that the sun consists of a photon-photon, if the override surface of solar cell material (absorber), it will be absorbed, reflected or be missed only (see figure 3), and only photons with certain energy level that will be exempt the electron from atomic bond, so that electric current yield. Level of energy is called energy band-gap which is defined as the amount of energy required for removing the electron from the covalent bond, so that there electric current flow. To removes electron from covalent bond, energy photons (HC / v must be greater or less than the energy band-gap. If the energy of the photons is too large in the energy band-gap, then the extra energy will be amended in to heat form in solar cells. Therefore it is very important in solar cells to set the material used, namely to modify the molecular structure of the semi conductor that is used.

Figure 3. Radiative transition of solar cell

Of course, that the efficiency of solar cell can be higher then the photons coming from the sun can be absorbed as much as a large number, then the reflection and re-mobilization and increase conductivity of material.

To be able to make so that photons can be absorbed as much as many, then the absorber must have an energy band-gap with a wide range, making it possible to be able to absorb the sun's energy that have very diverse it. One of the many materials that are examined is known CuInSe2 is one of the direct Semi conductor.

So many benefits from the solar cell as described above is not polemic does not stop and simply, there is indeed correct that the solar cell during the process of change of energy there is no pollution produced, but it has us calculate how much pollution that have been generated in the production process, small compared to the resulting efficiency. Now the challenge here is how to increase efficiency, which of course will impact the economic value.

The Electrical Storm

Technical share info

Let us begin by reviewing the generation of a lightning stroke and its interaction with structures and objects on the ground.

In order for lightning to form, the weather must become unstable, which means that a drastic difference between the pressure and the temperature in the atmosphere must develop, thereby allowing the movement of a rising packet of air to become self-sustaining. The condition of this updraft exists in the cumulonimbus, the thundercloud.

Inside the cumulonimbus, the updraft separates the charged by carrying the finer positively-charged precipitation to higher altitudes, while the heavier negatively-charged precipitation falls to the floor of the cloud. most the electrical discharges happen between the negative cloud and the positive earth.

Meanwhile , back on the ground, the atmospheric electric field escalates to rates over 10kV/m, and a corona effect develops on particular structures such as buildings. Within the negative storm cloud, a downward leader form and moves in steps towards the ground.

As the downward leader advances towards earth, the collective action of the high electric field at the ground and the ionization of the corona effect generate a positive upward moving streamer, which emanate from certain structures or objects such as lightning conductors.

When the upward moving streamer connect with the downward leader, the ionized path between the cloud and the earth is complete and the main discharge current, called the return stroke, flow into the ground. The final length of the upward streamer is called the striking distance. (title of Bruce Willis movie ??)